Validated xenograft models are animal models used in preclinical research to study the growth and behavior of human tumors in vivo. These models involve transplanting human tumor cells or tissues into immunodeficient animals, such as mice or rats, and allowing them to grow and develop. The process of validating a xenograft model involves verifying that…

Neurotoxicity studies are experiments designed to evaluate the potential of a chemical or drug to cause damage to the nervous system. These studies are typically performed on animals, such as rats or mice, to assess the safety of new drugs or other chemical substances. The process of neurotoxicity testing involves exposing animals to various doses…

Reproduction is the biological process by which living organisms produce offspring. In humans and many other animals, reproduction involves sexual reproduction, which requires the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism. The reproductive system in humans includes the following organs and structures:…